Revisiting the role of bars in AGN fuelling with propensity score sample matching

TL;DR

This study investigates the influence of bars on AGN activity in galaxies, using propensity score matching to control for biases, and finds that bars are associated with higher AGN occurrence and accretion rates, though other mechanisms are also involved.

Contribution

It introduces a careful sample selection and propensity score matching approach to clarify the bar-AGN connection, accounting for biases and different black hole mass estimation methods.

Findings

AGN are more common in barred galaxies

Higher accretion rates are observed in barred galaxies with certain M-$\sigma$ relations

No correlation between activity level and bar strength

Abstract

The high luminosity displayed by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) requires that gas be transported to the centre of the galaxy by some mechanism. Bar-driven processes are often pointed out in this context and a number of studies have addressed the bar-AGN connection, but with conflicting results. Some of the inconsistencies can be explained by the different spatial- and timescales involved in bar-driven gas inflows, accretion by the central black hole, and AGN emission. However, the discrepant results could also be due to sample biases, because both the AGN activity determination and the bar detection are influenced by the method employed. We revisit the bar-AGN connection in a sample of galaxies from SDSS, looking for evidence of the influence of bars on AGN activity. We determine AGN activity by emission line diagnostics and the properties of the bar were previously estimated with \texttt{BUDDA}, which performs 2D bulge-bar-disk decomposition. Before comparing active and inactive galaxies, we made a careful selection of the sample to minimise selection biases. We created control samples by matching them with the AGN sample using propensity score matching. This technique offers an analytical approach for creating control samples given some object parameters. We find that AGN are preferentially found in barred galaxies and that the accretion rate is higher in barred galaxies, but only when different M-$\sigma$ relations are used to estimate the black hole mass M$_\bullet$ in barred and unbarred galaxies (from the central velocity dispersion $\sigma$). On the other hand, we find no correlation between activity level and bar strength. Altogether, our results strengthen theoretical predictions that the bar is an important mechanism in disc galaxies, creating a gas reservoir to feed AGN, but they also indicate that other mechanisms can play a major role, particularly at scales <~100 pc.