What's the Difference? The potential for Convolutional Neural Networks for transient detection without template subtraction

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that convolutional neural networks can effectively classify astrophysical transients from image data alone, eliminating the need for computationally expensive difference images, thus potentially reducing processing costs in large-scale surveys.

Contribution

The paper shows CNNs can achieve high accuracy in transient classification without difference images, offering a more efficient approach for large astronomical data sets.

Findings

CNNs achieve over 90% accuracy without difference images

Loss of information reduces accuracy from 96% to 91.1%

CNN predictions are computationally inexpensive after training

Abstract

We present a study of the potential for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to enable separation of astrophysical transients from image artifacts, a task known as "real-bogus" classification without requiring a template subtracted (or difference) image which requires a computationally expensive process to generate, involving image matching on small spatial scales in large volumes of data. Using data from the Dark Energy Survey, we explore the use of CNNs to (1) automate the "real-bogus" classification, (2) reduce the computational costs of transient discovery. We compare the efficiency of two CNNs with similar architectures, one that uses "image triplets" (templates, search, and difference image) and one that takes as input the template and search only. We measure the decrease in efficiency associated with the loss of information in input finding that the testing accuracy is reduced from 96% to 91.1%. We further investigate how the latter model learns the required information from the template and search by exploring the saliency maps. Our work (1) confirms that CNNs are excellent models for "real-bogus" classification that rely exclusively on the imaging data and require no feature engineering task; (2) demonstrates that high-accuracy (> 90%) models can be built without the need to construct difference images, but some accuracy is lost. Since once trained, neural networks can generate predictions at minimal computational costs, we argue that future implementations of this methodology could dramatically reduce the computational costs in the detection of transients in synoptic surveys like Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time by bypassing the Difference Image Analysis entirely.