Toward the limits of complexity of interstellar chemistry: Rotational spectroscopy and astronomical search for n- and i-butanal

TL;DR

This study provides precise rotational spectroscopic data for n- and i-butanal, searches for these molecules in interstellar regions, and discusses their relative abundances and formation pathways based on observational and modeling data.

Contribution

The paper offers the first laboratory rotational spectra for n- and i-butanal and applies this data to astronomical searches, establishing their abundance limits in interstellar space.

Findings

Non-detections of n- and i-butanal in targeted regions.

n- and i-butanal are significantly less abundant than acetaldehyde.

Good agreement between observed and modeled abundances.

Abstract

In recent times, large organic molecules of exceptional complexity have been found in diverse regions of the interstellar medium. In this context, we aim to provide accurate frequencies of the ground vibrational state of two key aliphatic aldehydes, n-butanal and its branched-chain isomer, i-butanal, to enable their eventual detection in the interstellar medium. We employ a frequency modulation millimeter-wave absorption spectrometer to measure the rotational features of n- and i-butanal. We use the spectral line survey ReMoCA performed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array to search for n- and i-butanal toward the star-forming region Sgr B2(N). We also search for both aldehydes toward the molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027 with IRAM 30 m and Yebes 40 m observations. Several thousand rotational transitions belonging to the lowest-energy conformers have been assigned in the laboratory spectra up to 325 GHz. A precise set of the relevant rotational spectroscopic constants has been determined for each structure. We report non-detections of n- and i-butanal toward both sources, Sgr B2(N1S) and G+0.693-0.027. We find that n- and i-butanal are at least 2-6 and 6-18 times less abundant than acetaldehyde toward Sgr B2(N1S), respectively, and that n-butanal is at least 63 times less abundant than acetaldehyde toward G+0.693-0.027. Comparison with astrochemical models indicates good agreement between observed and simulated abundances (where available). Grain-surface chemistry appears sufficient to reproduce aldehyde ratios in G+0.693-0.027; gas-phase production may play a more active role in Sgr B2(N1S). Our astronomical results indicate that the family of interstellar aldehydes in the Galactic center region is characterized by a drop of one order of magnitude in abundance at each incrementation in the level of molecular complexity.