Measuring anomalies in cigarette sales by using official data from Spanish provinces: Are there only the anomalies detected by the Empty Pack Surveys (EPS) used by Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs)?
Pedro Cadahia, Antonio A. Golpe, Juan M. Mart\'in \'Alvarez, E., Asensio

TL;DR
This study uses machine learning to analyze Spanish provincial cigarette sales data, revealing discrepancies and geographical patterns in anomalies detected by Empty Pack Surveys and identifying regions with unexpectedly high sales.
Contribution
It introduces a novel approach combining machine learning with official data to detect and compare anomalies in cigarette sales, including unrecognized high-sales regions.
Findings
EPSs slightly overestimate sales in Spain
Geographical pattern in sales below expected values
High sales in border and tourist regions
Abstract
There is literature that questions the veracity of the studies commissioned by the transnational tobacco companies (TTC) to measure the illicit tobacco trade. Furthermore, there are studies that indicate that the Empty Pack Surveys (EPS) ordered by the TTCs are oversized. The novelty of this study is that, in addition to detecting the anomalies analyzed in the EPSs, there are provinces in which cigarette sales are higher than reasonable values, something that the TTCs ignore. This study analyzed simultaneously, firstly, if the EPSs established in each of the 47 Spanish provinces were fulfilled. Second, anomalies observed in provinces where sales exceed expected values are measured. To achieve the objective of the paper, provincial data on cigarette sales, price and GDP per capita are used. These data are modeled with machine learning techniques widely used to detect anomalies in other…
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