Entropy production in longitudinally expanding Yang-Mills field with use of Husimi function$-$semiclassical approximation

TL;DR

This study explores entropy production and thermalization in expanding Yang-Mills fields using semiclassical approximation and Husimi function, revealing a two-stage entropy increase with ongoing pressure anisotropy.

Contribution

It introduces a semiclassical approach with Husimi-Wehrl entropy to analyze entropy production in expanding Yang-Mills fields, highlighting a two-stage growth process.

Findings

Entropy increases in two stages during expansion.

Particle creation correlates with entropy production.

Pressure anisotropy persists, indicating out-of-equilibrium state.

Abstract

We investigate the possible thermalization process of the highly occupied and weakly coupled Yang-Mills fields expanding along the beam axis through an evaluation of the entropy, particle number, and pressure anisotropy. The time evolution of the system is calculated by solving the equation of motion for the Wigner function in the semiclassical approximation with initial conditions mimicking the glasma. For the evaluation of the entropy, we adopt the Husimi-Wehrl (HW) entropy, which is obtained by using the Husimi function, a positive semidefinite quantum distribution function given by smearing the Wigner function. By numerical calculations at $g=0.1$ and $0.2$, the entropy production is found to occur together with the particle creation in two distinct stages: In the first stage, the particle number and the entropy at low longitudinal momenta grow rapidly. In the second stage, the particle number and the entropy of higher longitudinal momentum modes show slower increase. The pressure anisotropy remains in our simulation and implies that the system is still out-of-equilibrium.