Understanding Vacuum Arcs and Gradient Limits

TL;DR

This paper reviews the complex physics of vacuum arcs, their impact on various technologies, and proposes a multidisciplinary approach to develop a more accurate and general theoretical model.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of vacuum arc mechanisms and outlines key issues and research directions for improved modeling.

Findings

Identification of four key stages in vacuum arc development

Highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary research

Proposing critical issues for future R&D efforts

Abstract

Although a general model of vacuum arcs and gradient limits would be widely useful, roughly 120 years after the first good experimental data on these arcs, this important field continues to be unsettled. This problem is a limitation in a number of technologies and has applications in many fields. Large tokamaks are sensitive to arcing on the plasma facing components, linac costs depend on their maximum operating fields, power transmission efficiency depends on the voltage that can be maintained, and the efficiency of Atom Probe Tomography depends on avoiding sample failures. A multidisciplinary study of this field could improve the precision and applicability of the theoretical models used. We outline the basic mechanisms involved in arcing and the issues that determine the physics of arcs. We divide the process into four stages; the trigger, plasma formation, plasma evolution and surface damage, in order to look at the physical principles involved. We try to identify the dominant mechanisms, critical issues and desirable aspects of an R&D program to produce a more precise and general model.