Single-shot quantum measurements sketch quantum many-body states

TL;DR

This paper introduces a nonlinear measurement energy framework and an iterative approach to interpret quantum measurement outcomes, enabling efficient extraction of the most probable many-body states and revealing new insights in complex quantum models.

Contribution

It presents a novel nonlinear measurement energy and iterative method to accurately reconstruct quantum many-body states from measurement data, addressing challenges of non-commuting observables.

Findings

Effective in analyzing fermion models and Kitaev spin liquids

Reveals signatures previously lacking in complex quantum systems

Facilitates Hamiltonian reconstruction from measurement outcomes

Abstract

Quantum measurements are our eyes to the quantum systems consisting of a multitude of microscopic degrees of freedom. However, the intrinsic uncertainty of quantum measurements and the exponentially large Hilbert space pose natural barriers to simple interpretations of the measurement outcomes. We propose a nonlinear "measurement energy" based upon the measurement outcomes and an iterative effective-Hamiltonian approach to extract the most probable states (maximum likelihood estimates) in an efficient and general fashion, thus reconciling the non-commuting observables and getting more out of the quantum measurements. We showcase the versatility and accuracy of our perspective on random long-range fermion models and Kitaev quantum spin liquid models, where smoking-gun signatures were lacking. Our study also paves the way towards concepts such as nonlinear-operator Hamiltonian and applications such as parent Hamiltonian reconstruction.