A single-atom level mechano-optical transducer for ultrasensitive force sensing

TL;DR

This paper introduces a single-atom level mechano-optical transducer using a trapped ion that achieves ultrasensitive force detection with high spatial resolution, enabling advanced applications in surface science, biomolecular imaging, and fundamental physics.

Contribution

The study presents a novel single-ion based transduction scheme that converts micromotion into optical signals, achieving unprecedented force sensitivity and 3D force vector measurement.

Findings

Achieved force sensitivity of about 600 zN/√Hz.

Demonstrated 3D vector force measurement capability.

Enabled single-atom level spatial resolution.

Abstract

Using light as a probe to detect a mechanical motion is one of the most successful experimental approaches in physics. The history of mechanical sensing based on the reflection, refraction and scattering of light dates back to the 16th century, where in the Cavendish experiment, the angle of rotation induced by the gravitational force is measured by the deflection of a light beam reflected from a mirror attached to the suspension. In modern science, mechano-optical transducers are such devices that could detect, measure and convert a force or displacement signal to an optical one, and are widely used for force detection. Especially, ultraweak force sensor with ultrahigh spatial resolution is highly demanded for detecting force anomaly in surface science, biomolecule imaging, and atomtronics. Here we show a novel scheme using a single trapped ion as a mechano-optical transduction. This method utilizes the force-induced micromotion, converting the micromotion to a time-resolved fluorescence signal, in which the ion's excess micromotion coupled to the Doppler shift of the scattered photons. We demonstrate the measurement sensitivity about 600 $\textrm{zN}/\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}$ (1 $\textrm{zN} =10^{-21}$N). By alternating the detection laser beam in all three dimensions, the amplitude and the direction of a vector force can be precisely determined, constituting a 3D force sensor. This mechano-optical transducer provides high sensitivity with spatial resolution in single-atom level, enabling the applications in material industry and the search for possible exotic spin-dependent interactions that beyond the standard model.