Atmospheric aerosol clearing by femtosecond filaments

TL;DR

This study investigates how femtosecond laser filaments clear atmospheric fog by analyzing droplet dynamics, revealing that optical shattering is the primary mechanism in filament conditions, while acoustic effects are minimal.

Contribution

It provides the first direct measurement and simulation of fog droplet interactions with femtosecond filaments, clarifying the dominant clearing mechanisms involved.

Findings

Optical shattering by laser light clears fog droplets in filament conditions.

Acoustic waves from filaments have negligible effect on fog clearing.

Tightly focused non-filamentary pulses can displace aerosols via acoustic waves.

Abstract

Atmospheric aerosols, such as water droplets in fog, interfere with laser propagation through scattering and absorption. Femtosecond optical filaments have been shown to clear foggy regions, improving transmission of subsequent pulses. However, the detailed fog clearing mechanism had yet to be determined. Here we directly measure and simulate the dynamics of ~5 micron radius water droplets, typical of fog, under the influence of optical and acoustic interactions characteristic of femtosecond filaments. We find that for filaments generated by the collapse of collimated near-infrared femtosecond pulses, the main droplet clearing mechanism is optical shattering by laser light. For such filaments, the single cycle acoustic wave launched by filament energy deposition in air leaves droplets intact and drives negligible transverse displacement, and therefore negligible fog clearing. Only for tightly focused non-filamentary pulses, where local energy deposition greatly exceeds that of a filament, do acoustic waves significantly displace aerosols.