Collective photon emission patterns from two atoms in free space

TL;DR

This study observes and analyzes the spatial emission patterns of two entangled atoms in free space, revealing how single-photon detection can significantly alter collective emission behaviors such as super- and sub-radiance.

Contribution

First experimental observation of the spatial spontaneous emission pattern of an atomic ensemble in an entangled quantum state in free space.

Findings

Different emission patterns depending on Dicke state symmetry

Detection of a single photon can modify collective emission

Observation of super- and sub-radiance phenomena

Abstract

Modification of spontaneous decay in space and time is a central topic of quantum physics. It has been predominantly investigated in the context of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), gaining new interest recently in the domain of nano-optics. Beyond cavity-QED, spontaneous emission may be modified also in free space due to correlations among the photon emitters, a phenomenon known as super- and sub-radiance. Correlations may stem either from direct interactions between the particles, from long-range exchange of photons, or by measuring single photons in a common mode. Yet, the genuine spatial spontaneous emission pattern of an atomic ensemble in an entangled quantum state has not been observed so far, due to the lack of ultra-fast cameras with high spatial resolution suited for recording single photons from single atoms. Preparing two trapped ions in free space in entangled Dicke states via photon detection, we study the resulting collective spontaneous emission patterns. Depending on the symmetry of the Dicke states, associated with the direction of detection of the first state-determining photon, we observe fundamentally different emission patterns for the subsequently scattered photon, including super- and sub-radiance. Our results demonstrate that the detection of a single photon can profoundly modify the collective emission of an atomic array, here represented by its most elementary building block of two atoms in free space.