Magnetization of Relativistic Current-Carrying Jets with Radial Velocity Shear

TL;DR

This paper presents an analytical model of relativistic astrophysical jets with radial velocity shear and toroidal magnetic fields, analyzing their magnetization, pressure dominance, and implications for particle acceleration.

Contribution

It introduces a simple analytical framework for relativistic jets considering velocity shear and magnetic fields, highlighting conditions for particle or magnetic pressure dominance.

Findings

Jets tend to be particle dominated with $\sigma < 1$ in equilibrium.

Magnetic pressure can dominate locally under certain magnetic and velocity profiles.

Jet magnetization $\sigma$ can reach up to ~10 with specific pressure gradients and shear conditions.

Abstract

Astrophysical jets, launched from the immediate vicinity of accreting black holes, carry away large amounts of power in a form of bulk kinetic energy of jet particles and electromagnetic flux. Here we consider a simple analytical model for relativistic jets at larger distances from their launching sites, assuming a cylindrical axisymmetric geometry with a radial velocity shear, and purely toroidal magnetic field. We argue that, as long as the jet plasma is in magnetohydrostatic equilibrium, such outflows tend to be particle dominated, i.e. the ratio of the electromagnetic to particle energy flux, integrated over the jet cross-sectional area, is typically below unity, $\sigma < 1$. At the same time, for particular magnetic and radial velocity profiles, magnetic pressure may still dominate over particle pressure for certain ranges of the jet radius, i.e. the local jet plasma parameter $\beta_{pl} < 1$, and this may be relevant in the context of particle acceleration and production of high-energy emission in such systems. The jet magnetization parameter can be elevated up to the modest values $\sigma \lesssim \mathcal{O}(10)$ only in the case of extreme gradients or discontinuities in the gaseous pressure, and a significantly suppressed velocity shear. Such configurations, which consist of a narrow, unmagnetized jet spine surrounded by an extended, force-free layer, may require an additional poloidal field component to stabilize them against current-driven oscillations, but even this will not elevate substantially their $\sigma$ parameter.