Competition among alliances of different sizes

TL;DR

This paper investigates how alliance size among competing species influences ecosystem stability, revealing that smaller alliances often dominate and phase transitions are discontinuous, requiring extensive simulations to analyze.

Contribution

It introduces a minimal six-species competition model to study how alliance size affects dominance and ecosystem vitality, highlighting the prevalence of small alliances.

Findings

Small alliances generally prevail across most parameters.

Discontinuous phase transitions separate different alliance states.

Finite size effects and long relaxation times complicate analysis.

Abstract

To understand the biodiversity of an ecosystem cannot be understood by solely analyzing the pair relations of competing species. Instead, we should consider multi-point interactions because the presence of a third party could change the original microscopic outcome significantly. In this way an alliance may emerge where species, who may have biased relations otherwise, can protect each other from an external invader. Such an alliance can be formed by two, three or even more species. By introducing a minimal model where six species compete for space we here study how the size of an alliance determines the vitality of a formation. We show that in the majority of parameter space the group of the smallest size prevails and other solutions can only be observed in a limited parameter range. These phases are separated by discontinuous phase transitions which can only be identified by intensive numerical efforts due to serious finite size effects and long relaxation processes.