Ponderomotive squeezing of light by a levitated nanoparticle in free space

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates free-space ponderomotive squeezing of light scattered by a levitated nanoparticle, achieving a 25% reduction below vacuum noise, opening new avenues for quantum sensing without cavities.

Contribution

First observation of ponderomotive squeezing in free space using a levitated nanoparticle, showing measurable quantum correlations without optical cavities.

Findings

Achieved 25% squeezing below vacuum noise.

Observed squeezing bandwidth of about 15 kHz.

Results align with linearized dipole interaction theory.

Abstract

A mechanically compliant element can be set into motion by the interaction with light. In turn, this light-driven motion can give rise to ponderomotive correlations in the electromagnetic field. In optomechanical systems, cavities are often employed to enhance these correlations up to the point where they generate quantum squeezing of light. In free-space scenarios, where no cavity is used, observation of squeezing remains possible but challenging due to the weakness of the interaction, and has not been reported so far. Here, we measure the ponderomotively squeezed state of light scattered by a nanoparticle levitated in a free-space optical tweezer. We observe a reduction of the optical fluctuations by up to $25$~\% below the vacuum level, in a bandwidth of about $15$~kHz. Our results are well explained by a linearized dipole interaction between the nanoparticle and the electromagnetic continuum. These ponderomotive correlations open the door to quantum-enhanced sensing and metrology with levitated systems, such as force measurements below the standard quantum limit.