Is first-order relativistic hydrodynamics in general frame stable and causal for arbitrary interaction?

TL;DR

This paper develops a first-order relativistic hydrodynamic theory that is both stable and causal, derived from microscopic kinetic equations, emphasizing the importance of the general frame and momentum-dependent interactions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel derivation of stable, causal first-order relativistic hydrodynamics in a general frame using the gradient expansion and a new collision operator.

Findings

The theory is stable and causal in a general frame.

Momentum-dependent interaction rates are essential for stability.

The collision operator preserves conservation laws.

Abstract

We derive a first-order, stable and causal, relativistic hydrodynamic theory from the microscopic kinetic equation using the gradient expansion technique in a general frame. The general frame is introduced from the arbitrary matching conditions for hydrodynamic fields. The interaction is introduced in the relativistic Boltzmann equation through the momentum-dependent relaxation time approximation (MDRTA) with the proposed collision operator that preserves the conservation laws. We demonstrate here for the first time that not only the general frame choice, but also the momentum dependence of microscopic interaction rate, captured through MDRTA, is imperative for producing the essential field corrections that give rise to a causal and stable first-order relativistic theory.