Sulphur-rich cold gas around the hot core precursor G328.2551-0.5321. An APEX unbiased spectral survey of the 2 mm, 1.2 mm, and 0.8 mm atmospheric windows

TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive molecular inventory of a massive protostellar core, revealing chemical complexity and physical conditions indicative of an early hot core phase, with high sulfur-bearing molecule abundance and warm gas rich in complex organics.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed spectral survey of a hot core precursor, identifying molecular composition, physical structure, and chemical evolution in an early hot core stage.

Findings

Detected 39 species and 26 isotopologues, revealing chemical diversity.

Identified warm and cold regions with distinct molecular signatures.

High sulfur-bearing molecule abundance suggests low sulfur depletion.

Abstract

During star formation, the dense gas undergoes significant chemical evolution leading to the emergence of a rich variety of molecules associated with hot cores and hot corinos. The physical and chemical conditions are poorly constrained; the early phases of emerging hot cores in particular represent an unexplored territory. We provide here a full molecular inventory of a massive protostellar core that is proposed to be a precursor of a hot core. We performed an unbiased spectral survey towards the hot core precursor associated with clump G328.2551-0.5321 between 159GHz and 374GHz. To identify the spectral lines, we used rotational diagrams and radiative transfer modelling assuming LTE. We detected 39 species and 26 isotopologues, and were able to distinguish a warm and compact inner region, a colder more extended envelope, and the kinematic signatures of the accretion shocks that have previously been observed with ALMA. We associate most of the emission of the small molecules with the cold gas, while the molecular emission of the warm gas is enriched by complex organic molecules (COMs). We find a high abundance of S-bearing molecules in the cold gas phase suggesting a low sulphur depletion, with a factor of > 1%. We identify nine COMs in the warm gas, four in the cold gas, and four towards the accretion shocks. The high abundances of S-bearing species originating from the undisturbed gas may suggest a contribution from shocked gas at the outflow cavity walls. The molecular composition of the warm gas is similar to that of both hot cores and hot corinos, but the molecular abundances are closer to the values found towards hot corinos than to values found towards hot cores. Considering the compactness of the warm region and its moderate temperature, we suggest that thermal desorption has not been completed towards this object yet, representing an early phase of the emergence of hot cores.