Sputtering power effects on the electrochromic properties of NiO films

TL;DR

This study investigates how varying sputtering power influences the structural, morphological, electrochromic, and chemical properties of NiO films deposited via RF magnetron sputtering, revealing significant effects on performance and composition.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the relationship between sputtering power and the electrochromic performance and chemical composition of NiO films, which was not previously detailed.

Findings

Higher sputtering power reduces coloration efficiency.

Increased sputtering power decreases electrochromic reversibility.

Ion diffusion is greater at lower sputtering powers.

Abstract

The effect of sputtering power ($P$=60 W-180 W) on the electrochromic properties of nickel oxide films deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates by the RF magnetron sputtering technique was investigated. Crystalline structure and morphology were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The effect of sputtering power on electrochromism of the samples was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. We used LiClO$_4$ in propilene carbonate solution for Li insertion/extraction. The chemical composition of the samples before and after Li intercalation was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observed the cubic phase of NiO with sputtering power mainly affecting crystallinity and grain size. These in turn affect the electrochromic properties. Coloration efficiency reduces from 24.4 cm$^{2}$/C to (15.4, 13.7. 16.1) cm$^{2}$/C and the reversibility from 40% to 30% as sputtering power increases from 60 W to 180 W. The impedance spectra indicates that ion diffusion is larger for the film grown at 60 W and then goes down for the films deposited at higher sputtering powers. XPS analysis reveals that higher values of $P$ promote the formation of nickel hydroxides on the film surface. As consequence of changes in crystallinity and morphology, the presence of nickel hydroxides increases, showing that not only the electrochromic properties of the samples are affected by the sputtering power but also their chemical composition.