Completing the Protostellar Luminosity Function in Cygnus-X with SOFIA/FORCAST Imaging

TL;DR

This study uses SOFIA/FORCAST mid-infrared imaging to improve the completeness of the protostellar luminosity function in Cygnus-X, revealing a power-law distribution and insights into star formation models.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive protostellar luminosity function in Cygnus-X with high-luminosity completeness using new SOFIA data, and compares it with theoretical accretion models.

Findings

PLFs follow a power law with index ~-0.5

No clear dependence of PLFs on gas temperature

High-density regions show excess at high luminosities

Abstract

We present a new SOFIA/FORCAST mid-IR survey of luminous protostars and crowded star-forming environments in Cygnus X, the nearest million-solar mass molecular cloud complex. We derive bolometric luminosities for over 1000 sources in the region with these new data in combination with extant Spitzer and UKIDSS photometry, with 63 new luminous protostar candidates identified by way of the high quality SOFIA/FORCAST data. By including FORCAST data, we construct protostellar luminosity functions (PLFs) with improved completeness at the high luminosity end. The PLFs are well described by a power law function with an index of ~-0.5. Based on the Herschel temperature and column density measurements, we find no obvious dependence of the PLFs on the local gas temperature, but PLFs in regions of high stellar density or gas column density exhibit some excess at higher luminosities. Through the comparison between our observed PLFs and existing accretion models, both the turbulent core (TC) and the competitive accretion (CA) models are consistent with our results, while the isothermal sphere (IS) model is disfavored. The implications of these results on the star formation process are discussed.