Binary orbital evolution driven by a circumbinary disc

TL;DR

This study uses hydrodynamical simulations to investigate how circumbinary discs influence binary orbit evolution, revealing that disc thickness and viscosity determine whether binaries expand or shrink, with expansion occurring in a broader parameter space than previously thought.

Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of binary orbital evolution driven by circumbinary discs, demonstrating the importance of disc parameters and validating simulation methods for different setups.

Findings

Thick discs cause binary expansion across viscosities.

Thin, low-viscosity discs tend to shrink the binary orbit.

Binary evolution depends critically on disc aspect ratio and viscosity.

Abstract

The question whether the interaction of a circumbinary disc with the central binary system leads to shrinking or expansion of the binary orbit has attracted considerable interest as it impacts the evolution of binary black holes and stellar binary stars in their formation phase. We performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of circumbinary discs for a large parameter set of disc viscosities and thicknesses and two different binary mass ratios for binaries on circular orbits. For those we measured carefully the net angular momentum and mass transfer between disc and binary system, and evaluate the normalised specific angular momentum accretion, $j_\mathrm{s}$ . This is compared to the theoretical, critical specific angular momentum change $j_\mathrm{s,crit}$ that separates contracting from expanding cases which depends on the the binary's mass ratio and the relative accretion onto the two stars. Using finite and infinite disc models we show that the inferred binary evolution is very similar for both setups and confirm that $j_\mathrm{s}$ can be measured accurately with cylindrical simulations that do not include the central binary. However, to obtain the relative accretion onto the stars for non-equal mass binaries, simulations that cover the whole domain including the binary are required. We find that for thick discs with aspect ratio $h = 0.1$ the binaries expand for all viscosities, while discs with $h = 0.05$ lead to an expansion only for larger viscosities with $\alpha$ exceeding $\sim 0.005$. Overall, the regime of binary expansion extends to a much wider parameter space than previously anticipated, but for thin, low viscosity discs the orbits shrink.