Deferred Optical Photon simulation for the JUNO experiment

TL;DR

This paper introduces a deferred optical photon simulation workflow for the JUNO experiment, significantly optimizing computational resources by simulating optical photons only when necessary, enhancing detector performance modeling.

Contribution

It presents the design and implementation of a novel deferred optical photon simulation method using Geant4, improving efficiency in large-scale neutrino detector simulations.

Findings

Reduces processing time for optical photon simulations.

Maintains accuracy in detector performance modeling.

Optimizes memory usage during simulations.

Abstract

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is designed to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure oscillation parameters. It is being built in South China at a depth of 700~m underground and comprises a central detector, water Cerenkov detector and top tracker. The central detector is designed to detect anti-neutrinos with an energy resolution of 3\% at 1~MeV, using a 20 kt liquid scintillator target with 17,612 20-inch PMTs and 25,600 3-inch PMTs. The scintillator provides a light yield of approximately 10,000 photons per MeV. Monte Carlo simulation is a crucial tool for developing an understanding of detector performance, requiring the production of large samples of background processes with optical photons. Simulation of large numbers of optical photons with Geant4 is computationally challenging for both processing time and memory resources. In order to optimize resource usage, a deferred optical photon simulation workflow is proposed and implemented using Geant4 classes. The key idea is to simulate events initially without optical photons, only performing the optical photon simulation when user specified criteria are met. In this contribution, the design and the implementation of the deferred optical photon simulation will be presented.