Symmetry properties of Wilson loops with a Lagrangian insertion

TL;DR

This paper explores the symmetry properties of Wilson loops with a Lagrangian insertion in $ abla=4$ super Yang-Mills, revealing hidden conformal and Yangian symmetries, and connects these findings to pure Yang-Mills amplitudes.

Contribution

It introduces a novel observable involving a Lagrangian insertion in Wilson loops, analyzes its symmetry properties, and relates it to pure Yang-Mills amplitudes using integrability methods.

Findings

Leading singularities are expressible as Grassmannian integrals.

Conformal symmetry becomes an invariance when the insertion point is at infinity.

Wilson loop with Lagrangian insertion predicts maximal weight terms of pure Yang-Mills amplitudes.

Abstract

Null Wilson loops in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills are dual to planar scattering amplitudes. This duality implies hidden symmetries for both objects. We consider closely related infrared finite observables, defined as the Wilson loop with a Lagrangian insertion, normalized by the Wilson loop itself. Unlike ratio and remainder functions studied in the literature, this observable is non-trivial already for four scattered particles and bears close resemblance to (finite parts of) scattering processes in non-supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We study the general structure of the Wilson loop with a Lagrangian insertion, focusing in particular on its leading singularities and their (hidden) symmetry properties. We find evidence that the leading singularities can be written as certain Grassmannian integrals. The latter are manifestly dual conformal. They also have a conformal symmetry, up to total derivatives. We find that, surprisingly, the conformal symmetry becomes an invariance in the frame where the Lagrangian insertion point is sent to infinity. Furthermore, we use integrability methods to study how higher Yangian charges act on the Grassmannian integral. We evaluate the $n$-particle observable both at tree- and at one-loop level, finding compact analytic formulas. These results are explicitly written in the form of conformal leading singularities, multiplied by transcendental functions. We then compare these formulas to known expressions for all-plus amplitudes in pure Yang-Mills theory. We find a remarkable new connection: the Wilson loop with Lagrangian insertion in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills appears to predict the maximal weight terms of the planar pure Yang-Mills all-plus amplitude. We test this relationship for the two-loop $n$-point Yang-Mills amplitude, as well as for the three-loop four-point amplitude.