Cosmic Birefringence: Cross-Spectra and Cross-Bispectra with CMB Anisotropies

TL;DR

This paper investigates the signatures of cosmic birefringence in CMB polarization, focusing on cross-spectra and bispectra involving anisotropic rotation angles, revealing new parity-violating observables beyond traditional power spectrum analyses.

Contribution

It introduces the computation of angular bispectra involving anisotropic birefringence, demonstrating their potential to detect parity violation in the CMB beyond existing power spectrum methods.

Findings

Non-vanishing three-point correlation functions exist even without primordial cross-correlations.

Bispectra like ⟨δα TB⟩ and ⟨δα EB⟩ have the highest signal-to-noise ratios.

Future experiments like LiteBIRD can detect these bispectra at current constraint levels.

Abstract

Parity-violating extensions of Maxwell electromagnetism induce a rotation of the linear polarization plane of photons during propagation. This effect, known as cosmic birefringence, impacts on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations producing a mixing of $E$ and $B$ polarization modes which is otherwise null in the standard scenario. Such an effect is naturally parametrized by a rotation angle which can be written as the sum of an isotropic component $\alpha_0$ and an anisotropic one $\delta\alpha(\hat{\mathbf{n}})$. In this paper we compute angular power spectra and bispectra involving $\delta\alpha$ and the CMB temperature and polarization maps. In particular, contrarily to what happens for the cross-spectra, we show that even in absence of primordial cross-correlations between the anisotropic birefringence angle and the CMB maps, there exist non-vanishing three-point correlation functions carrying signatures of parity-breaking physics. Furthermore, we find that such angular bispectra still survive in a regime of purely anisotropic cosmic birefringence, which corresponds to the conservative case of having $\alpha_0=0$. These bispectra represent an additional observable aimed at studying cosmic birefringence and its parity-violating nature beyond power spectrum analyses. They provide also a way to perform consistency checks for specific models of cosmic birefringence. Moreover, we estimate that among all the possible birefringent bispectra, $\langle\delta\alpha\, TB\rangle$ and $\langle\delta\alpha\,EB\rangle$ are the ones which contain the largest signal-to-noise ratio. Once the cosmic birefringence signal is taken to be at the level of current constraints, we show that these bispectra are within reach of future CMB experiments, as LiteBIRD.