Heating of the solar chromosphere through current dissipation

TL;DR

This study investigates the magnetic topology and current sheet dissipation as mechanisms for heating the solar chromosphere, using ALMA and SST observations combined with advanced inversions and simulations to quantify heating rates and magnetic structures.

Contribution

It provides new insights into chromospheric heating by linking small-scale magnetic interactions and current sheets to observed millimeter brightness temperatures.

Findings

Enhanced heating rates up to ~5 kW/m^2 in the upper chromosphere.

Magnetic field strengths of ~500 G inferred from non-LTE inversions.

Reproduction of observed features and radiative losses in simulations.

Abstract

The solar chromosphere is heated to temperatures higher than predicted by radiative equilibrium. This excess heating is greater in active regions where the magnetic field is stronger. We aim to investigate the magnetic topology associated with an area of enhanced millimeter (mm) brightness temperatures in a solar active region mapped by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) using spectropolarimetric co-observations with the 1-m Swedish Solar Telescope (SST). We used Milne-Eddington inversions, nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) inversions, and a magnetohydrostatic extrapolation to obtain constraints on the three-dimensional stratification of temperature, magnetic field, and radiative energy losses. We compared the observations to a snapshot of a magnetohydrodynamics simulation and investigate the formation of the thermal continuum at 3 mm using contribution functions. We find enhanced heating rates in the upper chromosphere of up to $\sim 5\rm\,kW\,m^{-2}$, where small-scale emerging loops interact with the overlying magnetic canopy leading to current sheets as shown by the magnetic field extrapolation. Our estimates are about a factor of two higher than canonical values, but they are limited by the ALMA spatial resolution ($\sim 1.2^{\prime\prime}$). Band 3 brightness temperatures reach about $\sim10^{4}\,$K in the region, and the transverse magnetic field strength inferred from the non-LTE inversions is on the order of $\sim 500\,$G in the chromosphere. We are able to quantitatively reproduce many of the observed features, including the integrated radiative losses in our numerical simulation. We conclude that the heating is caused by dissipation in current sheets. However, the simulation shows a complex stratification in the flux emergence region where distinct layers may contribute significantly to the emission in the mm continuum.