Filtration and breathability of nonwoven fabrics used in washable masks

TL;DR

This study evaluates the filtration efficiency and breathability of various nonwoven fabrics used in washable masks, analyzing how layering and washing affect their performance against different particle sizes.

Contribution

It identifies high-performing nonwoven fabrics, especially meltblown polypropylene, and assesses how washing impacts their filtration capabilities in multi-layer mask configurations.

Findings

Nonwoven polypropylene fabrics have higher quality factors than woven fabrics.

Washing significantly reduces filtration efficiency of meltblown polypropylene layers.

Post-wash, multi-layer masks still effectively filter particles across various sizes.

Abstract

This study explores nonwoven and woven fabrics to improve upon the performance of the widespread all-cotton mask, and examines the effect of layering, machine washing and drying on their filtration and breathability for submicron and supermicron particles. Individual materials were evaluated for their quality factor, Q, which combines filtration efficiency and breathability. Filtration was tested against particles 0.5 to 5 micron aerodynamic diameter. Nonwoven polyester and nonwoven polypropylene (craft fabrics, medical masks, and medical wraps) showed higher quality factors than woven materials (flannel cotton, Kona cotton, sateen cotton). Materials with meltblown nonwoven polypropylene filtered best, especially against submicron particles. Subsequently, we combined high performing fabrics into multi-layer sets, evaluating the sets quality factors before and after our washing protocol, which included machine washing, machine drying, and isopropanol soak. Sets incorporating meltblown nonwoven polypropylene designed for filtration (Filti and surgical mask) degraded significantly post-wash in the submicron range where they excelled prior to washing (Q = 57 and 79 at 1 micron, respectively, degraded to Q = 10 and 15 post-wash). Washing caused lesser quality degradation in sets incorporating spunbond non-woven polypropylene or medical wraps (Q = 12 to 24 pre-wash, Q = 8 to 10 post-wash). Post-wash quality factors are similar for all multi-layer sets in this study, and higher than Kona quilting cotton (Q = 6). Washed multi-layer sets filtered 12-42 percent of 0.5 micron, 27-76 percent of 1 micron, 58-96 percent of 2.8 micron, and 72-100 percent of 4.2 micron particles. The measured filtration and pressure drop of both the homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-layer fabric combinations agreed with the estimations from the layering model.