An Overview of Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Standards and Organizations (IEEE 802.15.4, FiRa, Apple): Interoperability Aspects and Future Research Directions

TL;DR

This paper reviews UWB standards, chips, and organizations, analyzing interoperability issues across layers, and discusses future challenges for UWB device compatibility and standardization.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of UWB standards, chips, and interoperability challenges, highlighting differences and future research directions.

Findings

Compatibility at PHY layer depends on correct configuration.

MAC layer implementations are mostly proprietary.

Device discovery standards are still being drafted.

Abstract

The increasing popularity of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology for location-based services, such as access control and real-time indoor track&tracing, as well as UWB support in new consumer devices such as smartphones, has resulted in the availability of multiple new UWB radio chips. However, due to this increase in UWB device availability, the question of which (industry) standards and configuration factors impact UWB interoperability and compatibility becomes increasingly important. In this paper, the fundamentals of UWB compatibility are investigated by first giving an overview of different UWB radio chips on the market. After that, an overview of UWB standards and organizations is given. Next, this overview is used to discuss the focus of these different standards and to identify the differences between them. We describe compatibility issues and associated interoperability aspects related to physical (PHY), medium-access-control (MAC) and upper layers. For the PHY layer, compatibility is possible for all UWB radio chips if the correct settings are configured. For the MAC layer, the implementation of the multiple access scheme as well as the localization technique is mostly proprietary. For the device discovery, several standards are currently being drafted. Finally, future challenges related to UWB interoperability are discussed.