Smartphone-based Hard-braking Event Detection at Scale for Road Safety Services

TL;DR

This paper introduces a scalable smartphone-based method using Transformer models to detect hard-braking events, which are strongly linked to crashes, thereby enhancing traffic safety analysis and interventions.

Contribution

It presents a novel Transformer-based approach for detecting hard-braking events from smartphone sensors, outperforming existing heuristics and enabling large-scale safety analysis.

Findings

Transformer model achieves 0.83 PR-AUC, outperforming heuristics.

Detected hard-braking events strongly correlate with crash data.

Method ensures fairness and reduces bias in safety assessments.

Abstract

Road crashes are the sixth leading cause of lost disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. One major challenge in traffic safety research is the sparsity of crashes, which makes it difficult to achieve a fine-grain understanding of crash causations and predict future crash risk in a timely manner. Hard-braking events have been widely used as a safety surrogate due to their relatively high prevalence and ease of detection with embedded vehicle sensors. As an alternative to using sensors fixed in vehicles, this paper presents a scalable approach for detecting hard-braking events using the kinematics data collected from smartphone sensors. We train a Transformer-based machine learning model for hard-braking event detection using concurrent sensor readings from smartphones and vehicle sensors from drivers who connect their phone to the vehicle while navigating in Google Maps. The detection model shows superior performance with a $0.83$ Area under the Precision-Recall Curve (PR-AUC), which is $3.8\times$better than a GPS speed-based heuristic model, and $166.6\times$better than an accelerometer-based heuristic model. The detected hard-braking events are strongly correlated with crashes from publicly available datasets, supporting their use as a safety surrogate. In addition, we conduct model fairness and selection bias evaluation to ensure that the safety benefits are equally shared. The developed methodology can benefit many safety applications such as identifying safety hot spots at road network level, evaluating the safety of new user interfaces, as well as using routing to improve traffic safety.