Comparison of measurement systems for assessing number- and mass-based particle filtration efficiency

TL;DR

This study compares particle filtration efficiency measurement systems for respirators, analyzing the relationship between number- and mass-based efficiencies through theoretical discussion and extensive experimental data on over 900 samples.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between NBFE and MBFE, including experimental validation and practical guidance for practitioners.

Findings

MBFE exceeds NBFEs for charged materials.

Charged materials shift MPPS to smaller sizes.

Relationship validated with standard measurement instruments.

Abstract

The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of a respirator or face mask is one of its key properties. While the physics of particle filtration results in the PFE being size-dependent, measurement standards are specified using a single, integrated PFE, for simplicity. This integrated PFE is commonly defined with respect to either the number (NBFE) or mass (MBFE) distribution of particles as a function of size. This relationship is non-trivial; it is influenced by both the shape of the particle distribution and the fact that multiple practical definitions of particle size are used. This manuscript discusses the relationship between NBFE and MBFE in detail, providing a guide to practitioners. Our discussion begins with a theoretical discussion of the underlying principles. We then present experimental results for a database of size-resolved PFE (SPFE) measurements for over 900 candidate respirators and filter media, including filter media with systematically varied properties and commercial samples that span the 20%-99.8% MBFE. The observed relationships between NBFE and MBFE are discussed in terms of the most-penetrating particle size (MPPS) and charge state of the media. For the NaCl particles used here, we observed that MBFEs were greater than NBFEs for charged materials and vice versa for uncharged materials. This relationship is observed because a shift from NBFE to MBFE weights the distribution towards larger sizes, while charged materials shift the MPPS to smaller sizes. Results are validated by comparing the output of a pair of TSI 8130As, a common instrument used in gauging standards compliance, to that of MBFEs computed from a system capable of measuring SPFE.