Two-phase flow dynamics at the interface between GDL and gas distributor channel using a pore-network model

TL;DR

This paper develops a dynamic pore-network model to simulate water droplet formation, growth, and detachment at the GDL and gas distributor interface in PEM fuel cells, enhancing understanding of water transport mechanisms.

Contribution

It introduces a novel two-phase pore-network model that captures droplet dynamics at the GDL surface and their interaction with gas flow, advancing pore-scale water management modeling in fuel cells.

Findings

Model accurately predicts droplet behavior compared to experimental data.

Droplet formation significantly affects mass and energy exchange in the cell.

Interaction between droplet dynamics and gas flow influences water removal efficiency.

Abstract

For improved operating conditions of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, a sophisticated water management is crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transport mechanisms of water throughout the cell constituents especially on the cathode side, where the excess water has to be removed. Pore-scale modeling of diffusion layers and gas distributor has been established as a favorable technique to investigate the ongoing processes. Investigating the interface between the cathode layers, a particular challenge is the combination and interaction of the multi-phase flow in the porous material of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) with the free flow in the gas distributor channels. The formation, growth and detachment of water droplets on the hydrophobic, porous surface of the GDL have a major influence on the mass, momentum and energy exchange between the layers. A dynamic pore-network model is used to describe the flow through the porous GDL on the pore-scale. To capture the droplet occurrence and its influence on the flow, this dynamic two-phase pore-network model is extended to capture droplet formation and growth at the surface of the GDL as well as droplet detachment due to the gas flow in the gas distributor channels. In this article, the developed model is applied to single- and multi-tube systems to investigate the general drop behavior. These rather simple test-cases are compared to experimental and numerical data available in the literature. Finally, the model is applied to a GDL unit cell to analyse the interaction between two-phase flow through the GDL and drop formation at the interface between GDL and gas distributor channel.