ReforesTree: A Dataset for Estimating Tropical Forest Carbon Stock with Deep Learning and Aerial Imagery

TL;DR

This paper introduces ReforesTree, a new dataset and deep learning model that accurately estimates tropical forest carbon stock using drone imagery, potentially improving the scalability and reliability of forest carbon offsetting certifications.

Contribution

The paper provides a novel dataset and demonstrates that deep learning models can accurately estimate forest carbon stock from low-cost drone imagery, outperforming satellite-based methods.

Findings

Deep learning model achieves high accuracy within certification standards.

ReforesTree dataset supports machine learning research in forest monitoring.

Model outperforms satellite estimates for small-scale tropical sites.

Abstract

Forest biomass is a key influence for future climate, and the world urgently needs highly scalable financing schemes, such as carbon offsetting certifications, to protect and restore forests. Current manual forest carbon stock inventory methods of measuring single trees by hand are time, labour, and cost-intensive and have been shown to be subjective. They can lead to substantial overestimation of the carbon stock and ultimately distrust in forest financing. The potential for impact and scale of leveraging advancements in machine learning and remote sensing technologies is promising but needs to be of high quality in order to replace the current forest stock protocols for certifications. In this paper, we present ReforesTree, a benchmark dataset of forest carbon stock in six agro-forestry carbon offsetting sites in Ecuador. Furthermore, we show that a deep learning-based end-to-end model using individual tree detection from low cost RGB-only drone imagery is accurately estimating forest carbon stock within official carbon offsetting certification standards. Additionally, our baseline CNN model outperforms state-of-the-art satellite-based forest biomass and carbon stock estimates for this type of small-scale, tropical agro-forestry sites. We present this dataset to encourage machine learning research in this area to increase accountability and transparency of monitoring, verification and reporting (MVR) in carbon offsetting projects, as well as scaling global reforestation financing through accurate remote sensing.