Characterizing Beam Errors for Radio Interferometric Observations of Reionization

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how to characterize and reduce beam errors in radio interferometry for 21-cm cosmology using PCA and KPCA, significantly improving the accuracy of power spectrum measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a method to quantify and mitigate beam uncertainties from antenna imperfections using PCA/KPCA, enhancing the robustness of 21-cm EoR observations.

Findings

PCA/KPCA reduces beam residuals by 60-90%.

Assuming ideal beams causes 1-10% errors in the power spectrum.

Characterizing beam uncertainties shrinks errors to below 0.01%.

Abstract

A limiting systematic effect in 21-cm interferometric experiments is the chromaticity due to the coupling between the sky and the instrument. This coupling is sourced by the instrument primary beam; therefore it is important to know the beam to extremely high precision. Here we demonstrate how known beam uncertainties can be characterized using databases of beam models. In this introductory work, we focus on beam errors arising from physically offset and/or broken antennas within a station. We use the public code OSKAR to generate an "ideal" SKA beam formed from 256 antennas regularly-spaced in a 35-m circle, as well as a large database of "perturbed" beams sampling distributions of broken/offset antennas. We decompose the beam errors ("ideal" minus "perturbed") using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Kernel PCA (KPCA). Using 20 components, we find that PCA/KPCA can reduce the residual of the beam in our datasets by 60-90% compared with the assumption of an ideal beam. Using a simulated observation of the cosmic signal plus foregrounds, we find that assuming the ideal beam can result in 1% error in the EoR window and 10% in the wedge of the 2D power spectrum. When PCA/KPCA is used to characterize the beam uncertainties, the error in the power spectrum shrinks to below 0.01% in the EoR window and <1% in the wedge. Our framework can be used to characterize and then marginalize over uncertainties in the beam for robust next-generation 21-cm parameter estimation.