Deep Impact: Optical Spectroscopy and Photometry Obtained at MIRA

TL;DR

This study provides detailed optical spectroscopy and photometry of comet 9P/Tempel 1 before, during, and after NASA's Deep Impact event, revealing changes in brightness, particle size, and scattering properties of the ejecta.

Contribution

First comprehensive optical spectroscopic and photometric analysis of the comet's response to the Deep Impact collision, including ejecta composition and particle size evolution.

Findings

Ejecta brightness increased by a factor of ~4.3 after impact.

Particle sizes were initially 1-2.5 microns, changing rapidly due to sublimation.

Ejecta expanded at velocities around 200 m/s, with a fan-shaped distribution.

Abstract

We present spectroscopic and high-precision photometric observations, spanning the optical UV to the far red, before, during, and after the NASA Deep Impact event of July 4, 2005. The inner 2000 km of the pre and post-impact coma was about 0.3 magnitude redder in B-R than in the outer coma. The pre-impact spectrum was a faint reflected solar spectrum dominated by molecular emissions extending > 40000 km from the nucleus. The post-impact light curve in R and I showed a rapid rise consistent with an expanding optically thick cloud during the first 18 minutes after impact. During the next 8 minutes the cloud became optically thin. Sixty minutes after impact the impact R-band flux reached a plateau at 7.5 x 10-15 erg cm-2 s-1 {\AA}-1, the comet brightening by a factor of ~4.3 above its pre-impact value observed in a 15" aperture. The mean expansion velocity of the grains during the first 49 minutes was 229 {\pm} 49 m s-1. The spectrum became dominated by scattered sunlight during the first hour after impact. The volume scattering function (VSF) observed 32 minutes after impact shows strong reddening. At 49 minutes, however, the VSF shows an additional two-fold increase in the blue but only a 20 per-cent increase at 5500{\AA}. Post-impact spectra and R-I photometry showed rapid reddening. The particle size distribution, dominated by 1 to 2.5 micron particles shortly after impact, changed dramatically during the first hour due to sublimation of water-ice particles of this size. On the night following impact the comet was still substantially brighter than before impact, but R-I had returned to its pre-impact value. B-R remained significantly redder. The ejecta 25 hours after impact was fan-shaped subtending ~180{\deg} roughly symmetrical about position angle 225{\deg}. The mean expansion velocity 90{\deg} from the direction to the Sun was 185{\deg} 12 m s-1.