Doppler boosting the stochastic gravitational wave background

TL;DR

This paper investigates how Doppler effects can reveal information about the frequency spectrum and anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational wave background, using multipole analysis and future detector forecasts.

Contribution

It introduces a framework to analyze Doppler-induced anisotropies in the SGWB and assesses the potential of future detectors to constrain spectral features and kinematic effects.

Findings

Future detectors can constrain spectral shape with about 16% precision.

Doppler anisotropies can be amplified by spectral tilts and intrinsic anisotropies.

The framework applies to backgrounds with constant spectral slopes, enhancing understanding of SGWB properties.

Abstract

One of the guaranteed features of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) is the presence of Doppler anisotropies induced by the motion of the detector with respect to the rest frame of the SGWB source. We point out that kinematic effects can be amplified if the SGWB is characterised by large tilts in its spectrum as a function of frequency, or by sizeable intrinsic anisotropies. Hence we examine the possibility to use Doppler effects as complementary probes of the SGWB frequency profile. For this purpose we work in multipole space, and we study the effect of kinematic modulation and aberration on the GW energy density parameter and on its angular power spectrum. We develop a Fisher forecast analysis and we discuss prospects for constraining parameters controlling kinematically induced anisotropies with future detector networks. As a case study, we apply our framework to a background component with constant slope in frequency, potentially detectable by a network of future ground-based interferometers. For this specific example, we show that a measurement of kinematic anisotropies with a network of Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer will allow us to constrain the spectral shape with a precision of about 16$\%$. Finally, we identify cosmological and astrophysical scenarios where kinematic effects are enhanced in frequency ranges probed by current and future GW experiments.