Oscillatory droplet dissolution from competing Marangoni and gravitational flows

TL;DR

This study investigates the complex interplay between Marangoni and gravitational flows during droplet dissolution, revealing oscillatory behaviors driven by flow competition, through experiments and numerical modeling.

Contribution

It uncovers the oscillatory dissolution dynamics caused by competing Marangoni and gravitational flows in droplet pairs with different liquids.

Findings

Oscillatory Marangoni flow observed in mixed-liquid droplet pairs.

Flow competition causes non-monotonic droplet volume changes.

Numerical models confirm the flow interaction mechanism.

Abstract

The dissolution or growth of a droplet in a host liquid is an important part for processes like chemical extraction, chromatography or emulsification. In this work we look at the dissolution of a pair of vertically aligned droplets immersed in water, both experimentally and with numerical simulations. The liquids used for the droplets are long chain alcohols with a low but finite solubility in water and a significantly lower density than that of the host liquid. Therefore, a solutal plume is formed above of the bottom droplet and natural convection dominates the dissolution process. We monitor the volume of the droplets and the velocity field around them over time. When the liquids of the two droplets are the same, our previously found scaling laws for the Sherwood and Reynolds numbers as functions of the Rayleigh number (Dietrich et al., 2016, J. Fluid Mech.) can be applied to the lower droplet. However, remarkably, when the liquid of the top droplet is different than that of the bottom droplet the volume as function of time becomes non-monotonic, and an oscillatory Marangoni flow at the top droplet is observed. We identify the competition between solutal Marangoni flow and density driven convection as the origin of the oscillation, and numerically model the process.