Measurement of the order parameter and its spatial fluctuations across Bose-Einstein condensation

TL;DR

This paper studies the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensate formation and spatial fluctuations during evaporative cooling of ultracold bosonic gases, revealing universal scaling laws and the influence of cooling rate on condensate growth.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the out-of-equilibrium dynamics and universal scaling behaviors of condensate formation and fluctuations during cooling.

Findings

Evidence of a delay in condensate formation related to collisional properties.

Universal condensate growth following the cooling rate.

Exponential relaxation of spatial fluctuations with universal scaling.

Abstract

We investigate the strong out-of-equilibrium dynamics occurring when a harmonically trapped ultracold bosonic gas is evaporatively cooled across the Bose--Einstein condensation transition. By imaging the cloud after free expansion, we study how the cooling rate affects the timescales for the growth of the condensate order parameter and the relaxation dynamics of its spatial fluctuations. We find evidence of a delay on the condensate formation related to the collisional properties and a universal condensate growth following the cooling rate. Finally, we measure an exponential relaxation of the spatial fluctuations of the order parameter that also shows a universal scaling. Notably, the scaling for the condensate growth and for the relaxation of its fluctuations follow different power laws.