Large-area nanoengineering of graphene corrugations for visible-frequency graphene plasmons

TL;DR

This paper introduces a large-area, edge-free nanostructuring method that enhances graphene's plasmon resonance frequency into the visible range, enabling stronger light-matter interactions and molecular detection.

Contribution

It presents a novel, scalable technique to create nanoscale corrugations in graphene, confining carriers without damaging mobility or inducing inter-valley scattering.

Findings

Resonance frequency scaled from terahertz to visible range.

Achieved femtomolar detection sensitivity for molecules.

Observed propagating visible plasmon modes via near-field microscopy.

Abstract

Quantum confinement of graphene carriers is an effective way to engineer its properties. It is commonly realized through physical edges that are associated with the deterioration of mobility and strong suppression of plasmon resonances. Here, we demonstrate a simple, large-area, edge-free nanostructuring technique, based on amplifying random nanoscale structural corrugations to a level where they efficiently confine carriers, without inducing significant inter-valley scattering. This soft confinement, allows the low-loss lateral ultra-confinement of graphene plasmons, scaling up their resonance frequency from native terahertz to commercially relevant visible range. Visible graphene plasmons localized into nanocorrugations mediate several orders of magnitude stronger light-matter interactions (Raman enhancement) than those previously achieved with graphene, enabling the detection of specific molecules from femtomolar solutions or ambient air. Moreover, nanocorrugated graphene sheets also support propagating visible plasmon modes revealed by scanning near-field optical microscopy observation of their interference patterns.