A Chandra Virgo cluster survey of spiral galaxies. I. Introduction to the survey and a new ULX sample

TL;DR

This study analyzes the ULX population in 75 Virgo cluster late-type galaxies using 20 years of Chandra data, providing a catalog of about 80 ULXs and insights into their luminosity functions and origins.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive ULX catalog in Virgo galaxies, with spectral and luminosity analysis, and compares findings with X-ray binary population models, including a new ULX sample.

Findings

Approximately 80 ULXs identified in the sample.

ULX luminosity function aligns with X-ray binary models.

The most luminous source may be a recent supernova remnant.

Abstract

We present an analysis of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) population in 75 Virgo cluster late-type galaxies, including all those with a star formation rate >~ 1 M_{sun}/yr and a representative sample of the less star-forming ones. This study is based on 110 observations obtained over 20 years with the Chandra X-ray Observatory Advanced Camera for Imaging Spectroscopy. As part of a Large Chandra Program, new observations were obtained for 52 of these 75 galaxies. The data are complete to a sensitivity of about 10^{39} erg/s, with a typical detection limit of about 3 x 10^{38} erg/s for the majority of the sources. The catalogue contains about 80 ULXs (0.3-10 keV luminosity >10^{39} erg/s), and provides their location, observed flux, de-absorbed luminosity, and (for the 25 most luminous ones) simple X-ray spectral properties. We discuss the ULX luminosity function in relation to the mass and star formation rate of the sample galaxies. We show that recent models of low-mass plus high-mass X-ray binary populations (scaling with stellar mass and star formation rate, respectively) are mostly consistent with our observational results. We tentatively identify the most luminous X-ray source in the sample (a source in IC 3322A with L_{X} ~ 6 x 10^{40} erg/s) as a recent supernova or its young remnant. The properties of the sample galaxies (morphologies, stellar masses, star formation rates, total X-ray luminosities from their point-source population) are also summarised.