Droplet impact of blood and blood simulants on a solid surface: Effect of the deformability of red blood cells and the elasticity of plasma

TL;DR

This study compares blood and blood simulants' droplet impact behavior on surfaces, revealing that red blood cell deformability significantly influences blood's Newtonian-like impact properties, which is crucial for realistic blood simulant design.

Contribution

It demonstrates that red blood cell deformability is key to blood's impact behavior, highlighting the importance of using deformable particles in blood simulants for accurate modeling.

Findings

Blood droplets' spreading matches Newtonian fluids with similar viscosity.

Deformability of red blood cells affects splashing and spreading.

Hard particle simulants do not replicate blood's impact behavior.

Abstract

Previous studies suggest that the behaviour of impacting blood is similar to that of a Newtonian fluid, which has a shear viscosity equivalent to that of blood at high shear rates. To understand this important fact, we conducted comparative experiments of droplet impact on a glass surface using whole blood and three solutions with a shear viscosity similar to that of blood. Specifically, we used dog's whole blood (deformable red blood cells dispersed in plasma, WB), plasma with non-deformable resin particles (PwP), glycerol and water with resin particles (GWwP), and a commercial blood simulant (hard particles dispersed in a water-based Newtonian solution, BS). The ranges of Reynolds and Weber numbers in our experiments were 550 $<Re<$ 1700 and 120 $<We<$ 860, respectively. Side and bottom views of droplet impact were simultaneously recorded by two high-speed cameras. The spreading radius of the impacting WB droplet in our experiments agreed well with that of Newtonian fluids with viscosity similar to that of WB at high shear rates. Splashing droplets of WB and Newtonian fluids form finger structures (finger-splashing). Although PwP has a viscosity similar to that of WB at high shear rates, an impacting PwP droplet exhibited typical characteristics of impacting suspension droplets, that is, a reduced spreading radius and splashing with ejection of particles. Such significant differences between impacting droplets of PwP and WB indicates that the high deformability of red blood cells in WB plays a crucial role in the Newtonian-like behaviour of blood droplets on impact. Importantly, the impacting BS droplet behaved quite differently from WB in both spreading and splashing. Our results imply that the use of deformable particles rather than hard particles in a BS is essential for mimicking blood droplet impact.