Theory of collective topologically-protected Majorana fermion excitations of networks of localized Majorana modes

TL;DR

This paper develops a theoretical framework using graph theory to characterize collective topologically protected Majorana fermion excitations in networks, providing tools to analyze their properties and signatures in quantum systems.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach combining Gallai-Edmonds decomposition with topological analysis to study Majorana networks, offering a basis-independent characterization of zero-energy excitations.

Findings

Provides a method to characterize topologically protected Majorana modes

Relates Majorana excitations to graph matchings and correlation functions

Identifies signatures of zero-energy states in free-fermion systems

Abstract

Predictions of localized Majorana modes, and ideas for manipulating these degrees of freedom, are the two key ingredients in proposals for physical platforms for Majorana quantum computation. Several proposals envisage a scalable network of such Majorana modes coupled bilinearly to each other by quantum-mechanical mixing amplitudes. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for characterizing collective topologically protected zero-energy Majorana fermion excitations of such networks of localized Majorana modes. A key ingredient in our work is the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition of a general graph, which we use to obtain an alternate ``local'' proof of a ``global'' result of Lov{\'a}sz and Anderson on the dimension of the topologically protected null space of {\em real skew-symmetric} (or pure-imaginary hermitean) adjacency matrices of general graphs. Our approach to Lov{\'a}sz and Anderson's result constructs a maximally-localized basis for the said null-space from the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition of the graph. Applied to the graph of the Majorana network in question, this gives a method for characterizing basis-independent properties of these collective topologically protected Majorana fermion excitations, and relating these properties to the correlation function of monomers in the ensemble of maximum matchings (maximally-packed dimer covers) of the corresponding network graph. Our approach can also be used to identify signatures of zero-energy excitations in systems modeled by a free-fermion Hamiltonian with a hopping matrix of this type; an interesting example is provided by vacancy-induced Curie tails in generalizations (on non-bipartite lattices) of Kitaev's honeycomb model.