Characterizing long transients in consumer-resource systems with group defense and nonreproductive stages

TL;DR

This paper investigates long transient behaviors in consumer-resource ecological systems caused by group defense and reproductive delays, using a discrete-time model to analyze regime shifts and transient durations.

Contribution

It introduces a discrete-time model capturing long transients due to group defense and reproductive pulses, revealing bifurcations and transient dynamics in ecological systems.

Findings

Identification of crawl-by transients near extinction and carrying capacity

Discovery of a transcritical bifurcation with a ghost limit cycle

Estimation of transient times using perturbation theory

Abstract

During recent years, the study of long transients has been expanded in ecological theory to account for shifts in long-term behavior of ecological systems. These long transients may lead to regime shifts between alternative states that resemble the dynamics of alternative stable states for a prolonged period of time. One dynamic that potentially leads to long transients is the group defense of a resource in a consumer-resource interaction. Furthermore, time lags in the population caused by discrete reproductive pulses have the potential to produce long transients, either independently or in conjunction to the transients caused by the group defense. In this work, we analyze the potential for long transients in a model for a consumer-resource system in which the resource exhibits group defense and reproduces in discrete reproductive pulses. We develop this discrete-time model by discretizing a pulse differential equation. This system exhibits crawl-by transients near the extinction and carrying capacity states of resource. In addition, we identify a transcritical bifurcation in our system, under which a ghost limit cycle appears. These transients resemble stable states for a prolonged transient time period. We estimate the transient time of our system from these transients using perturbation theory. This work advances an understanding of how systems shift between alternate states and their duration of staying in a given regime and what ecological dynamics may lead to long transients.