Long-period Ap stars discovered with TESS data: The northern ecliptic hemisphere

TL;DR

This study systematically identifies and characterizes long-period Ap stars using TESS data, revealing new candidates, magnetic field distribution gaps, and correlations with pulsational properties, advancing understanding of stellar rotation and magnetic evolution.

Contribution

It provides the first unbiased, large-scale identification of super-slowly rotating Ap stars across the northern ecliptic hemisphere, including new candidates and magnetic field insights.

Findings

Identified 67 Ap stars with no rotational variability, including 46 new candidates.

Confirmed super-slow rotation is less common in weakly magnetic Ap stars.

Discovered a gap in magnetic field strengths between ~2 kG and ~3 kG among long-period Ap stars.

Abstract

The rotation periods of the magnetic Ap stars span five to six orders of magnitude. Period differentiation must have taken place at the pre-main sequence stage, but the physical processes that lead to it remain elusive. The study of Ap stars that have rotation periods of tens to hundreds of years represents a promising avenue to gain additional insight into the origin and evolution of rotation in Ap stars. Historically, almost all the longest period Ap stars known have been found to be strongly magnetic; very few weakly magnetic Ap stars with very long periods have been identified and studied. We performed a systematic search based on TESS data to identify super-slowly rotating Ap (ssrAp) stars independently of the strengths of their magnetic fields, with the intention to characterise the distribution of the longest Ap star rotation periods in an unbiased manner. We find 67 Ap stars with no rotational variability in the northern ecliptic hemisphere TESS data. Among them, 46 are newly identified ssrAp star candidates, which is double the number previously found in the southern ecliptic hemisphere. We confirm that super-slow rotation tends to occur less frequently in weakly magnetic Ap stars than in strongly magnetic stars. We present new evidence of the existence of a gap between ~2 kG and ~3 kG in the distribution of the magnetic field strengths of long period Ap stars. We also confirm that the incidence of roAp stars is higher than average in slowly rotating Ap stars. We report the unexpected discovery of nine definite and five candidate {\delta} Sct stars, and of two eclipsing binaries. This work paves the way for a systematic, unbiased study of the longest period Ap stars, with a view to characterise the correlations between their rotational, magnetic, and pulsational properties.