Simulation Study of the Relative Askaryan Fraction at the South Pole

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to analyze the Askaryan radio emission component in cosmic-ray air showers at the South Pole, proposing a new method to estimate the shower maximum depth from polarization data.

Contribution

It introduces a polynomial-based approach to determine the shower maximum depth using the Askaryan fraction and shower geometry, offering a computationally efficient alternative to existing methods.

Findings

Askaryan fraction increases with distance from shower axis

Askaryan fraction depends on zenith angle and shower maximum distance

Proposed method achieves comparable resolution to existing techniques

Abstract

We use CoREAS simulations to study the ratio of geomagnetic and Askaryan radio emission from cosmic-ray air showers at the location of the South Pole. The fraction of Askaryan emission relative to the total emission is determined by the polarization of the radio signal at the time of its peak amplitude. We find that the relative Askaryan fraction has a radial dependence increasing with the distance from the shower axis -- with a plateau around the Cherenkov ring. We further find that the Askaryan fraction depends on shower parameters like zenith angle and the distance to the shower maximum. While these dependencies are in agreement with earlier studies, they have not yet been utilized to determine the depth of the shower maximum, $X_\mathrm{max}$, based on the Askaryan fraction. Fitting these dependencies with a polynomial model, we arrive at an alternative method to reconstruct $X_\mathrm{max}$ using a measurement of the Askaryan fraction and shower geometry as input. Depending on the measurement uncertainties of the Askaryan fraction, this method provides a measurement of $X_{\mathrm max}$ with a resolution similar to other methods of reconstructing $X_{\mathrm max}$ from radio observables. Although existing template methods give superior resolution, they are more computationally intensive. Consequently, the use of polarization to extract the Askaryan fraction of the radio signal should be considered as an additional input observable in future generations of template-fitting reconstruction and other multivariate approaches for measuring $X_{\mathrm max}$.