Solar Activity and Space Weather
Nat Gopalswamy, Pertti M\"akel\"a, Seiji Yashiro, Sachiko Akiyama,, Hong Xie

TL;DR
This paper reviews solar activity and space weather during solar cycles 21-24, highlighting the reduced activity and space weather events in cycle 24, and discusses implications for future cycles like SC 25.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive analysis of how weak solar activity in cycle 24 affected various space weather phenomena and their interrelations, offering insights into heliospheric conditions and space weather forecasting.
Findings
Weak solar activity in SC 24 led to fewer energetic eruptions and space weather events.
Decline in space weather phenomena varies, with some declining more than SSN and others less.
Reduced heliospheric magnetic field weakened particle acceleration and geomagnetic storms.
Abstract
After providing an overview of solar activity as measured by the sunspot number (SSN) and space weather events during solar cycles (SCs) 21-24, we focus on the weak solar activity in SC 24. The weak solar activity reduces the number of energetic eruptions from the Sun and hence the number of space weather events. The speeds of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), interplanetary (IP) shocks, and the background solar wind all declined in SC 24. One of the main heliospheric consequences of weak solar activity is the reduced total (magnetic + gas) pressure, magnetic field strength, and Alfv\'en speed. There are three groups of phenomena that decline to different degrees in SC 24 relative to the corresponding ones in SC 23: (i) those that decline more than SSN does, (ii) those that decline like SSN, and (iii) those that decline less than SSN does. The decrease in the number of severe space weather…
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