HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations

TL;DR

This study uses HST photometry to analyze the complex multiple populations in globular cluster NGC 6402, revealing nuanced chemical variations, helium discontinuities, and metallicity differences, classifying it as a Type II cluster.

Contribution

It provides detailed photometric and chemical analysis of NGC 6402's multiple populations, highlighting its unique features and comparing it with other clusters like NGC 2808.

Findings

Double main sequence indicates helium discontinuity.

Extreme populations have helium Y~0.31, less than Y>0.35 in NGC 2808.

NGC 6402 is a Type II cluster with metallicity variations.

Abstract

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometric results for NGC 6402, a highly reddened very luminous Galactic globular cluster (GC). Recent spectroscopic observations of its red giant stars have shown a quite peculiar behavior in the chemistry of its multiple populations. These results have prompted UV and optical HST observations aimed at obtaining the cluster's "Chromosome map" (ChM), an efficient tool to classify GCs and characterize their multiple populations. We find that the discontinuity in the abundance distributions of O, Mg, Al and Na inferred from spectroscopy is more nuanced in the ChM, which is mostly sensitive to nitrogen. Nevertheless, photometry in optical bands reveals a double main sequence, indicating a discontinuity in the helium content of the populations. The population with the largest chemical anomalies (extreme) peaks at a helium mass fraction Y~0.31. This helium content is consistent with results from the analysis of the distribution of horizontal-branch stars and the spectrophotometry of the red giants. The ChM and the color magnitude diagrams are compared with those in NGC 2808, a prototype GC with helium abundances up to Y > 0.35, and both confirm that NGC 6402 does not host stellar populations with such extreme helium content. Further, the ChM reveals the presence of a group of stars with larger metallicity, thus indicating that NGC 6402 is a Type II cluster. The modalities of formation of the multiple populations in NGC 6402 are briefly surveyed, with main attention on the Asymptotic Giant Branch and Supermassive star models, and on possible clusters' merging.