Imprints of fermionic and bosonic mixed dark matter on the 21-cm signal at cosmic dawn

TL;DR

This paper explores how mixed fermionic and bosonic dark matter influences the 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn, using models and forecasts to constrain dark matter properties with upcoming SKA observations.

Contribution

It introduces a halo-model framework to analyze mixed dark matter effects on the 21-cm signal and provides forecasted constraints on dark matter particle mass and fraction from SKA data.

Findings

Constraints on fermionic DM mass >15 keV

Constraints on bosonic DM mass >2×10^{-20} eV

Less than 1% of DM can be hot relics

Abstract

The 21-cm signal from the epoch of cosmic dawn prior to reionization consists of a promising observable to gain new insights into the dark matter (DM) sector. In this paper, we investigate its potential to constrain mixed (cold + non-cold) dark matter scenarios that are characterised by the non-cold DM fraction ($f_{\rm nCDM}$) and particle mass ($m_{\rm nCDM}$). As non-cold DM species, we investigate both a fermionic (sterile neutrino) and a bosonic (ultra-light axion) particle. We show how these scenarios affect the global signal and the power spectrum using a halo-model implementation of the 21-cm signal at cosmic dawn. Next to this study, we perform an inference-based forecast study based on realistic mock power spectra from the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope. Assuming inefficient, yet non-zero star-formation in minihaloes (i.e. haloes with mass below $10^8$ M$_{\odot}$), we obtain stringent constraints on both $m_{\rm nCDM}$ and $f_{\rm nCDM}$ that go well beyond current limits. Regarding the special case of $f_{\rm nCDM}\sim 1$, for example, we find a constraint of $m_{\rm nCDM}>15$ keV (thermal mass) for fermionic DM and $m_{\rm nCDM}>2\times10^{-20}$ eV for bosonic DM. For the opposite case of dominating cold DM, we find that at most one percent of the total DM abundance can be made of a hot fermionic or bosonic relic. All constraints are provided at the 95 percent confidence level.