Q-balls with Multiple Charges and Cores

TL;DR

This paper explores Q-balls in theories with multiple symmetries, introducing a new stable state called a cored Q-ball and analyzing their existence in different regimes.

Contribution

It extends the study of Q-balls to multi-symmetry theories and introduces the concept of cored Q-balls, providing conditions for their existence and stability.

Findings

Derived conditions for Q-ball existence in multi-symmetry theories.

Introduced and characterized cored Q-balls as a new stable state.

Analyzed thin- and thick-wall limits of these theories.

Abstract

Q-balls -- whether in the single-field or multi-field context -- are usually studied in theories containing only one stabilising symmetry. However, this is not the most general scenario. In this paper, we study a class of theories with multiple symmetries. We consider both the traditional thin- and thick-wall limits of these theories, deriving sufficient conditions for existence in the latter case. Moreover, we also introduce a new state that could exist in this class of theory -- a cored Q-ball. We show that this new state can be energetically stable, but leave a detailed phenomenological study to later work.