BTS: An Accelerator for Bootstrappable Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Sangpyo Kim, Jongmin Kim, Michael Jaemin Kim, Wonkyung Jung, and Minsoo Rhu, John Kim, Jung Ho Ahn

TL;DR
This paper introduces BTS, a hardware accelerator designed specifically for fully homomorphic encryption, supporting bootstrapping to enable unlimited encrypted computations efficiently.
Contribution
It presents the first hardware FHE accelerator that natively supports bootstrapping, with a detailed microarchitecture and analysis of memory and computation requirements.
Findings
Achieves 5,556x speedup on ResNet-20
Achieves 1,306x speedup on logistic regression
Supports bootstrapping as a core feature
Abstract
Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables the secure offloading of computations to the cloud by providing computation on encrypted data (ciphertexts). HE is based on noisy encryption schemes in which noise accumulates as more computations are applied to the data. The limited number of operations applicable to the data prevents practical applications from exploiting HE. Bootstrapping enables an unlimited number of operations or fully HE (FHE) by refreshing the ciphertext. Unfortunately, bootstrapping requires a significant amount of additional computation and memory bandwidth as well. Prior works have proposed hardware accelerators for computation primitives of FHE. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first to propose a hardware FHE accelerator that supports bootstrapping as a first-class citizen. In particular, we propose BTS - Bootstrappable, Technologydriven, Secure…
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Taxonomy
TopicsCryptography and Data Security · Cryptographic Implementations and Security · Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs
