Heterogenous Networks: From small cells to 5G NR-U

TL;DR

This paper reviews the evolution and future prospects of heterogenous networks, focusing on small cells, unlicensed spectrum coexistence, and the integration of 5G NR-U with Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz band.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of past, present, and future research directions in small cell deployment and unlicensed spectrum coexistence, highlighting the upcoming 6 GHz band integration.

Findings

Analysis of LTE LAA deployment performance

Insights into Wi-Fi and 5G NR-U coexistence challenges

Future research directions for 6 GHz unlicensed spectrum

Abstract

With the exponential increase in mobile users, the mobile data demand has grown tremendously. To meet these demands, cellular operators are constantly innovating to enhance the capacity of cellular systems. Consequently, operators have been reusing the licensed spectrum spatially, by deploying 4G/LTE small cells (e.g., Femto Cells) in the past. However, despite the use of small cells, licensed spectrum will be unable to meet the consistently rising data traffic because of data-intensive applications such as augmented reality or virtual reality (AR/VR) and on-the-go high-definition video streaming. Applications such AR/VR and online gaming not only place extreme data demands on the network, but are also latency-critical. To meet the QoS guarantees, cellular operators have begun leveraging the unlicensed spectrum by coexisting with Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz band. The standardizing body 3GPP, has prescribed cellular standards for fair unlicensed coexistence with Wi-Fi, namely LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), New Radio in unlicensed (NR-U), and NR in Millimeter. The rapid roll-out of LAA deployments in developed nations like the US, offers an opportunity to study and analyze the performance of unlicensed coexistence networks through real-world ground truth. Thus, this paper presents a high-level overview of past, present, and future of the research in small cell and unlicensed coexistence communication technologies. It outlines the vision for future research work in the recently allocated unlicensed spectrum: The 6 GHz band, where the latest Wi-Fi standard, IEEE 802.11ax, will coexist with the latest cellular technology, 5G New Radio (NR) in unlicensed.