3D Fourier ghost imaging via semi-calibrated photometric stereo

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel 3D ghost imaging method using semi-calibrated photometric stereo with multiple single-pixel detectors, achieving high accuracy without special calibration objects, suitable for various wavelengths.

Contribution

The authors introduce a semi-calibrated photometric stereo approach for 3D ghost imaging that does not require calibration objects or additional optical components.

Findings

Achieved at least 93.5% accuracy in 3D reconstruction compared to ground truth.

Obtained at least 97.0% accuracy in surface normal estimation.

Performed imaging with only 5% spectral coverage in the Fourier domain.

Abstract

We achieved three-dimensional (3D) computational ghost imaging with multiple photoresistors serving as single-pixel detectors using semi-calibrated lighting approach. We performed imaging in the spatial frequency domain by having each photoresistor obtain the Fourier spectrum of the scene at a low spectral coverage ratio of 5%. To retrieve a depth map of a scene, we inverted, apodized, and applied semi-calibrated photometric stereo (SCPS) to the spectra. At least 93.5% accuracy was achieved for the 3D results of the apodized set of images applied with SCPS in comparison with the ground truth. Furthermore, intensity error map statistics obtained at least 97.0% accuracy for the estimated surface normals using our method. Our system does not need special calibration objects or any additional optical components to perform accurate 3D imaging, making it easily adaptable. Our method can be applied in current imaging systems where multiple detectors operating at any wavelength are used for two-dimensional (2D) imaging, such as imaging cosmological objects. Employing the idea of changing light patterns to illuminate a target scene and having stored information about these patterns, the data retrieved by one detector will give the 2D information while the multiple-detector system can be used to get a 3D profile.