Electron trajectories and radiation growth rate in free electron laser with electromagnetic wiggler

TL;DR

This paper analyzes electron trajectories and radiation growth in free-electron lasers with electromagnetic wigglers, revealing new wave couplings and the effects of magnetic fields on electron velocities.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of electron trajectories and wave interactions in FELs with electromagnetic wigglers, including relativistic effects and new wave couplings.

Findings

FEL instability occurs with small transverse velocity.

Large transverse velocities lead to new wave couplings.

Normalized magnetic field influences electron velocities and wave interactions.

Abstract

An analysis of steady-state electron trajectories by simultaneous solution of the equation of motion and the dispersion relation (DR) for electromagnetic wave wiggler in free-electron laser (FEL) with axial magnetic field is presented. The effects of the normalized axial magnetic field and the normalized angular frequency of electromagnetic wave wiggler on axial and transverse velocity for group I and II orbits are investigated. A fluid model is used to obtain the DR for electrostatic wave and the right and the left circularly polarized electromagnetic waves with all relativistic effects included. This dispersion relation is solved numerically to investigation the unstable coupling among all waves. When the transverse velocity is small, only the FEL instability is found. In group II orbits, with large transverse velocity, new coupling between the negative and positive energy space charge waves as well as between the left circular wave and positive energy space charge wave are found.