X-ray spectral-timing variability of 1A 0535+262 during the 2020 giant outburst

TL;DR

This study analyzes the spectral and timing variability of the 2020 giant outburst of 1A 0535+262, revealing distinct accretion regimes, correlations with luminosity, and hysteresis effects in a Be/X-ray binary system.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed correlation analysis of spectral-timing behavior at high luminosities during a giant outburst in this source.

Findings

Identification of three distinct accretion regimes via hardness-intensity diagram.

Correlation between characteristic noise frequency and luminosity, with evidence of flattening at high luminosities.

Detection of hysteresis in spectral and timing parameters during outburst rise and decay.

Abstract

The Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 underwent a giant X-ray outburst in November 2020, peaking at $\sim1\times 10^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$ (1--100 keV, 1.8 kpc), the brightest outburst recorded for this source so far. Our goal is to search for patterns of correlated spectral and timing behavior that can be used to characterize the accretion states in hard X-ray transient pulsars. We have studied the evolution of the spectral continuum emission using hardness-intensity diagrams and the aperiodic variability of the source. The hardness-intensity diagram displays three distinct branches that can be identified with different accretion regimes. The characteristic frequency of the noise components correlates with the luminosity. Our observations cover the highest end of this correlation, at luminosities not previously sampled. We have found evidence for a flattening of the correlation at those high luminosities, which might indicate that the accretion disk reached the closest distance from the neutron star surface during the peak of the outburst. We also find evidence for hysteresis in the spectral and timing parameters: at the same luminosity level, the spectrum is harder and the characteristic noise frequency larger during the rise than during the decay of the outburst.