Photoinduced charge density wave transition like a puppet on a string

TL;DR

This paper reveals that photoinduced charge density wave transitions in 1T-TiSe2 are governed by interatomic forces acting like puppet strings, linking charge modulation, atomic forces, and phase transition dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a new mechanistic model where Ti-Se bonds act as strings controlling CDW order, expanding understanding beyond traditional excitonic and electron-phonon coupling explanations.

Findings

Bond-length asymmetry causes net force on Ti atoms, suppressing CDW.

Ti atom oscillates harmonically with fluence-dependent frequency.

The model unifies previous scaling laws for phase transition time.

Abstract

Charge density wave (CDW) materials can undergo an ultrafast phase transition after an ultrashort laser pulse excitation, and the suggested underlying mechanisms have always been associated with two main features: excitonic interaction-induced CDW charge order and electron-phonon coupling-induced periodic lattice distortion (PLD). Here, beyond these two mechanisms, we reveal that photoexcitation induced CDW phase transition in the prototypic CDW example 1T-TiSe2 is similar to a puppet on a string: six Ti-Se bonds connected to each distorted Ti atom acting as six strings controlling the PLD and in turn the CDW orders. The photoexcitation induced modulation on charge population of the Ti-Se bonds generates a laser-fluence-dependent interatomic-repulsive force along each Ti-Se bond. The nonequal length of these six Ti-Se bonds gives rise to a net force exerted on the central distorted Ti atom to push it toward the suppressing of the PLD and thus the CDW orders. We further illustrate that the dynamics of each distorted Ti atom behaves as though it attached to a spring in a simple harmonic motion with a fluence-dependent oscillation frequency, uniting two previously reported scaling laws for phase transition time. These findings significantly advance the understanding of CDW instability and provide new insights into how photoexcitation induced modulation on charge population may lead to phase transitions by directly connecting interatomic forces with reaction pathways.